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voice in politics and society. Their efforts paved the way for significant milestones, including the right to vote for women in many countries.

The second wave of feminism, which arose in the 1960s and continued into the 1980s, expanded its focus to a wider range of social and cultural inequalities. This era addressed issues such as workplace discrimination, reproductive rights, sexual liberation, and equal pay. Figures like Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan, and bell hooks became influential voices, calling for not only equality under the law but also equality in everyday life. Their advocacy reshaped how women were viewed in the workplace, at home, and in education.

The third wave, emerging in the 1990s, brought a more inclusive and intersectional perspective. Feminists began recognizing that women’s experiences differ based on factors like race, class, sexuality, and nationality. This wave challenged the idea that there is a single “female experience” and instead embraced diversity. Thinkers such as Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced the concept of intersectionality, which highlights how overlapping systems of oppression affect marginalized groups differently.

Today, the fourth wave of feminism—largely driven by technology and social media—continues the fight for gender justice in new ways. Online activism has given rise to global movements such as #MeToo and #TimesUp, which expose sexual harassment, assault, and inequality in various industries. This modern wave emphasizes inclusivity, body positivity, LGBTQ+ rights, and the dismantling of toxic masculinity. It also calls attention to issues like online abuse, gender-based violence, and the pay gap that still persists across many sectors.

Despite the progress made, challenges remain. Women around the world continue to face gender-based violence, limited access to education, and unequal political representation. In many societies, cultural and religious norms still reinforce the subordination of women.